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Pseudo-verbs and auxiliary verbs
C – Pseudo-verbs and auxiliary verbs

1) "to be” (copula: G.4b, G.9c and G.12a)

    Present Past
Sg. 3. yo ܝܐ wa ܘܰܐ
2. hat ܗܰܬ wayt ܘܰܝܬ
1. no ܢܐ wayno ܘܰܝܢܐ
Pl. 3. ne ܢܶܐ wayne ܘܰܝܢܶܐ
2. hatu ܗܰܬܘ waytu ܘܰܝܬܘ
1. na ܢܰܐ wayna ܘܰܝܢܰܐ

2) "not to be" (negative copula: G.9c)

    Present Present
Sg. 3. latyo ܠܰܬܝܐ latwa ܠܰܬܘܰܐ
  2. lathat ܠܰܬܗܰܬ latwayt ܠܰܬܘܰܝܬ
  1. latno ܠܰܬܢܐ latwayno ܠܰܬܘܰܝܢܐ
Pl. 3. latne ܠܰܬܢܶܐ latwayne ܠܰܬܘܰܝܢܶܐ
  2. lathatu ܠܰܬܗܰܬܘ latwaytu ܠܰܬܘܰܝܬܘ
  1. latna ܠܰܬܢܰܐ latwayna ܠܰܬܘܰܝܢܰܐ

3) Presentative copula (G.24c): "there (he) is"

   Singular  Plural
3. m. kale ܟܰܠܶܗ kalën ܟܰܠܷܢ
3. f. kala ܟܰܠܰܗ
2. m. kalux ܟܰܠܘܟ݂ kaloxu ܟܰܠܳܟ݂ܘ
2. f. kalax ܟܰܠܰܟ݂
1.  kali ܟܰܠܝ kalan ܟܰܠܰܢ

4) "to have" (G.9b and G.17b)

    Present Past
Sg. 3. m. këtle ܟܷܬܠܶܗ këtwayle ܟܷܬܘܰܝܠܶܗ
3. f. këtla ܟܷܬܠܰܗ këtwayla ܟܷܬܘܰܝܠܰܗ
2. m. këtlux ܟܷܬܠܘܟ݂ këtwaylux ܟܷܬܘܰܝܠܘܟ݂
2. f.  këtlax ܟܷܬܠܰܟ݂ këtwaylax ܟܷܬܘܰܝܠܰܟ݂
1.  këtli ܟܷܬܠܝ këtwayli ܟܷܬܘܰܝܠܝ
Pl. 3. këtte ܟܷܬܬܶܗ këtwalle ܟܷܬܘܰܠܠܶܗ
2. këtxu ܟܷܬܟ݂ܘ këtwalxu ܟܷܬܘܰܠܟ݂ܘ
1.  këtlan ܟܷܬܠܰܢ këtwaylan ܟܷܬܘܰܝܠܰܢ

5) "not to have" (G.9b)

    Present Past
Sg. 3. m. latle ܠܰܬܠܶܗ latwayle ܠܰܬܘܰܝܠܶܗ
3. f. latla ܠܰܬܠܰܗ latwayla ܠܰܬܘܰܝܠܰܗ
2. m. latlux ܠܰܬܠܘܟ݂ latwaylux ܠܰܬܘܰܝܠܘܟ݂
2. f.  latlax ܠܰܬܠܰܟ݂ latwaylax ܠܰܬܘܰܝܠܰܟ݂
1.  latli ܠܰܬܠܝ latwayli ܠܰܬܘܰܝܠܝ
Pl. 3. latte ܠܰܬܬܶܗ latwalle ܠܰܬܘܰܠܠܶܗ
2. latxu ܠܰܬܟ݂ܘ latwalxu ܠܰܬܘܰܠܟ݂ܘ
1.  latlan ܠܰܬܠܰܢ latwaylan ܠܰܬܘܰܝܠܰܢ

6) "can" (G.20c)

    Present Past
Sg. 3. m. kibe ܟܝܒܶܗ këpwayle ܟܷܦ݁ܘܰܝܠܶܗ
3. f. kiba ܟܝܒܰܗ këpwayla ܟܷܦ݁ܘܰܝܠܰܗ
2. m. kibux ܟܝܒܘܟ݂ këpwaylux ܟܷܦ݁ܘܰܝܠܘܟ݂
2. f. kibax ܟܝܒܰܟ݂ këpwaylax ܟܷܦ݁ܘܰܝܠܰܟ݂
1.  kibi ܟܝܒܝ këpwayli ܟܷܦ݁ܘܰܝܠܝ
Pl. 3.  këppe ܟܷܦ݁ܦ݁ܶܗ këpwalle ܟܷܦ݁ܘܰܠܠܶܗ
2. këpxu ܟܷܦ݁ܟ݂ܘ këpwalxu ܟܷܦ݁ܘܰܠܟ݂ܘ
1. kiban ܟܝܒܰܢ këpwaylan ܟܷܦ݁ܘܰܝܠܰܢ

7) "cannot" (G.20c)

    Present Past
Sg. 3. m. laybe ܠܰܝܒܶܗ lapwayle ܠܰܦ݁ܘܰܝܠܶܗ
3. f. layba ܠܰܝܒܰܗ lapwayla ܠܰܦ݁ܘܰܝܠܰܗ
2. m. laybux ܠܰܝܒܘܟ݂ lapwaylux ܠܰܦ݁ܘܰܝܠܘܟ݂
2. f. laybax ܠܰܝܒܰܟ݂ lapwaylax ܠܰܦ݁ܘܰܝܠܰܟ݂
1. laybi ܠܰܝܒܝ lapwayli ܠܰܦ݁ܘܰܝܠܝ
Pl. 3. lappe ܠܰܦ݁ܦ݁ܶܗ lapwalle ܠܰܦ݁ܘܰܠܠܶܗ
2. lapxu ܠܰܦ݁ܟ݂ܘ lapwalxu ܠܰܦ݁ܘܰܠܟ݂ܘ
1.  layban ܠܰܝܒܰܢ lapwaylan ܠܰܦ݁ܘܰܝܠܰܢ