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Grammar 15

a) Verbal inflection in passive Stem II

1. Present inflection

The present base in the passive Stem II follows the pattern mizaban- ܡܝܙܰܒܰܢـ prior to consonant-initial inflectional suffixes and mizabn- ܡܝܙܰܒܢـ prior to vowel-initial inflectional suffixes. This differs from the present base of the active Stem II only by way of the syllabic prefix mi- ܡܝـ. Here the present inflection of mizaban ܡܺܝܙܰܒܰܢ „to be sold“ is exemplified:

  Singular Plural
3. P. (m.) mizaban ܡܺܝܙܰܒܰܢ mizabni ܡܺܝܙܰܒܢܝ
3. P. (f.) mizabno ܡܺܝܙܰܒܢܐ
2. P. mizabnat ܡܺܝܙܰܒܢܰܬ mizabnitu ܡܺܝܙܰܒܢܝܬܘ
1. P. (m.) mizabanno ܡܺܝܙܰܒܰܢܢܳܐ mizabnina ܡܺܝܙܰܒܢܝܢܰܐ
1. P. (f.) mizabnono ܡܺܝܙܰܒܢܳܢܳܐ
Examples of the passive Stem II in the present and future:
U gëšmo komifalaġ l arbco falqe rišoye. The body is divided into four main parts. ܐܘ ܓܘܫܡܐ ܟܳܡܝܦܰܠܰܓ݂ ܠܐܰܪܒܥܐ ܦܰܠܩܶܐ ܪܝܫܳܝܶܐ.
Bëṯër csar daqqat komikamal u zabno. After ten minutes, the time is up. ܒܷܬ݂ܷܪ ܥܣܰܪ ܕܰܩܩܰܬ ܟܳܡܝܟܰܡܰܠ ܐܘ ܙܰܒܢܐ.
Komizabni ab bote harke b ṭimo. Here the houses are sold at a high price. ܟܳܡܝܙܰܒܢܝ ܐܰܒ ܒܳܬܶܐ ܗܰܪܟܶܐ ܒܛܝܡܐ.
Bënyono ḥaṯo d cito komiqadaš. A new church building is being consecrated. ܒܷܢܝܳܢܐ ܚܰܬ݂ܐ ܕܥܝܬܐ ܟܳܡܝܩܰܕܰܫ.
Gёd miḥalqina mu Swed. We will be thrown out of Sweden. ܓܷܕ ܡܝܚܰܠܩܝܢܰܐ ܡܘ ܣܘܶܕ.

2. Preterite inflection

The base of the preterite in passive Stem II is pronounced mzaban- ܡܙܰܒܰܢـ before consonant-initial inflectional suffixes, and mzabn- ܡܙܰܒܢـ before vowel-initial inflectional suffixes. Here the preterite inflection of mzaban- ܡܙܰܒܰܢـ „to be sold“ is exemplified:

  Singular Plural
3. P. (m.) mzaban ܡܙܰܒܰܢ mzabni ܡܙܰܒܢܝ
3. P. (f.) mzabno ܡܙܰܒܢܐ
2. P. mzabnat ܡܙܰܒܢܰܬ mzabnitu ܡܙܰܒܢܝܬܘ
1. P. (m.) mzabanno ܡܙܰܒܰܢܢܐ mzabnina ܡܙܰܒܢܝܢܰܐ
1. P. (f.) mzabnono ܡܙܰܒܢܳܢܳܐ

Examples of the preterite in the passive Stem II:

U Abrohëm mcayan w bëṯër mḥawal lab beṯ krihe. Abrohёm was examined and then relocated to the hospital. ܐܘ ܐܰܒܪܳܗܷܡ ܡܥܰܝܰܢ ܘܒܷܬ݂ܷܪ ܡܚܰܘܰܠ ܠܰܒ ܒܶܬ݂ ܟܪܝܗܶܐ.
Kulxu mzabnitu. You were all sold. ܟܘܠܟ݂ܘ ܡܙܰܒܢܝܬܘ.
Mḥalqono mu disko. I (f) was expelled from the disco. ܡܚܰܠܩܳܢܐ ܡܘ ܕܝܤܟܐ.

b) Verbal inflection in passive stem III

The passive verb in the third stem is identified by an infixed -t- ـܬـ. As in the passive Stem II verbs, these verbs are also formed with a syllabic prefix, which is pronounced mita- ܡܝܬܰـ in the present and mta- ܡܬܰـ in the preterite: examples: ltm ܠܬܡ IIIp mitaltam – mtaltam ܡܝܬܰܠܬܰܡ - ܡܬܰܠܬܰܡ „to be collected“; dcr ܕܥܪ IIIp mitadcar – mtadcar ܡܝܬܰܕܥܰܪ – ܡܬܰܕܥܰܪ „to be brought back, to be sent back“; cmr ܥܡܪ IIIp mitacmar – mtacmar ܡܝܬܰܥܡܰܪ - ܡܬܰܥܡܰܪ „to be built“; fhm ܦܗܡ IIIp mitafham - mtafham ܡܝܬܰܦܗܰܡ - ܡܬܰܦܗܰܡ „to be explained, to be made understandable“.          

1. Present inflection

As in the other stems, the present base has two forms. With consonant-initial inflectional suffixes, the base is mitaltam- ܡܝܬܰܠܬܰܡـ and with vowel-initial inflectional suffixes, it is mitaltm- ܡܝܬܰܠܬܡـ.

Here the present inflection of the example ltm ܠܬܡ IIIp mitaltam ܡܺܝܬܰܠܬܰܡ „to be collected“ is illustrated:

  Singular Plural
3. P. (m.) mitaltam ܡܺܝܬܰܠܬܰܡ mitaltmi ܡܺܝܬܰܠܬܡܺܝ
3. P. (f.) mitaltmo ܡܺܝܬܰܠܬܡܳܐ
2. P. mitaltmat ܡܺܝܬܰܠܬܡܰܬ mitaltmitu ܡܺܝܬܰܠܬܡܝܬܘ
1. P. (m.) mitaltamno ܡܺܝܬܰܠܬܰܡܢܳܐ mitaltmina ܡܺܝܬܰܠܬܡܝܢܰܐ
1. P. (f.) mitaltmono ܡܺܝܬܰܠܬܡܳܢܳܐ

Note:

Before vowel-initial inflectional suffixes (3.f.sg., 2.sg., 1.f.sg., 1./2./3. pl.) the consonant cluster at the end of the base -ltm- ـܠܬܡـ can be broken up to form -latm- ـܠܰܬܡـ or alternatively -lёtm- ـܠܷܬܡـ.

Example of the passive Stem III verbs in the present:

Ak kṯowe kolozam mitasalmi lu mёlfono. The books must be delivered to the teacher. ܐܰܟ ܟܬ݂ܳܘܶܐ ܟܳܠܳܙܰܡ ܡܝܬܰܣܰܠܡܝ ܠܘ ܡܷܠܦܳܢܐ.
U bayto gёd mitacmar xayifo inaqla d howe šaġole. The house will be built quickly when there are workers. ܐܘ ܒܰܝܬܐ ܓܷܕ ܡܝܬܰܥܡܰܪ ܟ݂ܰܝܝܦܐ ܐܝܢܰܩܠܰܐ ܕܗܳܘܶܐ ܫܰܓ݂ܳܠܶܐ.
Az zuze lo komitaltmi mi šuqo. The money will not be gathered from the street. ܐܰܙ ܙܘܙܶܐ ܠܐ ܟܳܡܝܬܰܠܬܡܝ ܡܝ ܫܘܩܐ.

 2. Preterite inflection

In the preterite the bases mtaltam- ܡܬܰܠܬܰܡـ and mtaltm- ܡܬܰܠܬܡـ exist:

  Singular Plural
3. P. (m.) mtaltam ܡܬܰܠܬܰܡ mtaltmi ܡܬܰܠܬܡܺܝ
3. P. (f.) mtaltmo ܡܬܰܠܬܡܳܐ
2. P. mtaltmat ܡܬܰܠܬܡܰܬ݁ mtaltmitu ܡܬܰܠܬܡܺܝܬ݁ܽܘ
1. P. (m.) mtaltamno ܡܬܰܠܬܰܡܢܳܐ mtaltmina ܡܬܰܠܬܡܺܝܢܰܐ
1. P. (f.) mtaltmono ܡܬܰܠܬܡܳܢܳܐ

Note:

The same rule goes here: When preceding vowel-initial inflectional suffixes (3.f.sg., 2.sg., 1.f.sg., 1./2./3. pl.), the consonant clusters at the end of the base -ltm- ـܠܬܡـ can be split to form -latm- ـܠܰܬܡـ or alternatively -lёtm- ـܠܷܬܡـ.

Examples in the preterite of the passive Stem III verbs:

Ar raḏoyoṯe gniwe mtasalmi lam more. The stolen cars were turned over to their owners. ܐܰܪ ܪܰܕ݂ܳܝܳܬ݂ܶܐ ܓܢܝܘܶܐ ܡܬܰܣܰܠܡܝ ܠܰܡ ܡܳܪܶܐ.
An esore d bayn an aṯrawoṯayḏan mtaqaṭci. The relationships between our countries were severed.  ܐܢ ܐܶܣܳܪܶܐ ܕܒܰܝܢ ܐܰܢ ܐܬ݂ܪܰܘܳܬ݂ܰܝܕ݂ܰܢ ܡܬܰܩܰܛܥܝ.
Qay mtasṭar hul ucdo cal u camlo bišo? Why was the evil deed concealed until now? ܩܰܝ ܡܬܰܣـܛܰܪ ܗܘܠ ܐܘܥܕܐ ܥܰܠ  ܐܘ ܥܰܡܠܐ ܒܝܫܐ؟
Lo mtawlfitu mede doronoyo cal u kёnšo. You were not taught anything modern about the society. ܠܐ ܡܬܰܘܠܦܝܬܘ ܡܶܕܶܐ ܕܳܪܳܢܳܝܐ ܥܰܠ ܐܘ ܟܷܢܫܐ.

c) The infinitive

1. The form of the infinitive

Regular forms of the infinitive are each pronounced according to their stem as follows:

1) Stem I

grošo (grš I) to pull, drag ܓܪܳܫܐ (ܓܪܫ)
syomo (sym I) to make ܣܝܳܡܐ (ܣܝܡ)
bxoyo (bxy I) to cry ܒܟ݂ܳܝܐ (ܒܟ݂ܝ)
lqoyo (lqy I) to meet ܠܩܳܝܐ (ܠܩܝ)
zwono (zwn I < zbn) to buy ܙܘܳܢܐ (ܙܘܢ < ܙܒܢ)

Several infinitives of the first stem are built irregularly. The most common are:

mazlo (ʾzy I< ʾzl) to go away ܡܰܙܠܐ (ܐܙܝ > ܐܙܠ I)
mamro  (ʾmr I) to say ܡܰܡܪܐ (ܐܡܪ I)
mahwo (ʾby I) to give ܡܰܗܘܐ (ܐܒܝ I)
maṯyo (ʾṯy I) to come ܡܰܬ݂ܝܐ (ܐܬ݂ܝ I)
maḏco (ʾḏc I< yḏc) to know ܡܰܕ݂ܥܐ (ܐܕ݂ܥ < ܝܕ݂ܥ I)

Exception:

muklo (ʾkl I) to eat ܡܘܟܠܐ (ܐܟܠ)

 2) Stem II

cedolo (cdl II) to make right ܥܶܕܳܠܐ (ܥܕܠ II)
qetolo (qtl II) to fight ܩܶܬܳܠܐ (ܩܬܠ II)
jerobo (jrb II) to try ܔܶܪܳܒܐ (ܔܪܒ II)
zebono (zbn II) to sell ܙܶܒܳܢܐ (ܙܒܢ II)
šedoro (šdr II) to send away ܫܶܕܳܪܐ (ܫܕܪ II)

3) Stem III

tёrmišo (rmš III) to move ܬܷܪܡܝܫܐ (ܪܡܫ III)
tёrhiṭo (rhṭ III) to drive quickly, drive ܬܷܪܗܝܛܐ (ܪܗܛ III)
tёltimo (ltm III) to collect ܬܷܠܬܝܡܐ (ܠܬܡ III)
tёqriyo (qry III) to teach ܬܷܩܪܝܝܐ (ܩܪܝ III)
tёrkiwo (rkw III) to raise, set up ܬܷܪܟܝܘܐ (ܪܟܘ III)
Minor deviation in forms with weak consonants in the first and second radical, respectively:
telifo (ylf III) to teach ܬܶܠܝܦܐ (ܝܠܦ III)
tekiwo (kyw III) to raise, set up   ܬܶܟܝܘܐ (ܟܝܘ III)

 2. Use of the infinitive

The infinitive in Surayt is almost entirely used as a substantive (noun). In this lesson the following forms appear:

ṭcoyo (ṭcy I) daġ ġame the forgetting of the worries ܛܥܳܝܐ (ܛܥܝ I) ܕܰܓ݂ ܓ݂ܰܡܶܐ
tërhiṭo (rhṭ III) d sësye horse racing ܬܷܪܗܝܛܐ (ܪܗܛ III) ܕܣܷܣܝܶܐ
tërmišo (rmš III) du gušmo body movement ܬܷܪܡܝܫܐ (ܪܡܫ III) ܕܘ ܓܘܫܡܐ
u qmoro (qmr I) du muroyo the winning of the game ܐܘ ܩܡܳܪܐ (ܩܡܪ I) ܕܘ ܡܘܪܳܝܐ
šyoro (šyr I) skating, skiing, sledging ܫܝܳܪܐ (ܫܝܪ I)
sloqo (slq I) d ṭuro mountain climbing ܣܠܳܩܐ (ܣܠܩ I) ܕܛܘܪܐ
qloco (qlc I) d bësëklet bicycle riding ܩܠܳܥܐ (ܩܠܥ I) ܕܒܷܣܷܟܠܶܬ
ḥyoṣo (ḥyṣ I) d gušmo fitness ܚܝܳܨܐ (ܚܝܨ I) ܕܓܘܫܡܐ