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a) “there is” und “there is not”
For „there is“ Surayt uses the particle kit ܟܝܬ (long /i ܝ/) or alternatively kito ܟܝܬܐ which has the same meaning:
For “there is not” layt ܠܰܝܬ alternatively layto ܠܰܝܬܐ is used:
b) “to have” and “not to have”
1. The verb “to have” is formed by means of the particle kët- ܟܷܬ to which a preterite suffix (cf. Grammar 8a.1) is appended:
Examples:
2. “Not to have” is similarly formed, however, by means of the particle lat-:
Examples:
c) “to be”, “not to be”
The particles kët- ܟܷܬ and lat- ܠܰܬ in combination with forms of the copula verb (cf. Grammar 4b) appended to these particles, mean “to be” and “not to be” respectively. These forms are called independent copula forms:
Whilst këtyo ܟܷܬܝܐ is commonly used in relative clauses:
latyo ܠܰܬܝܐ generally expresses the negative copula (cf. Grammar 4b):
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